haz.info@noaa.gov
TTT Map (Messina)
Sirs,
the calamity after the seaquake near Messina 1908 was the
heaviest natural disaster in Europe in the 20th century, with over 100,000
victims.
Every year thousands of tourists from Europe spend their
holidays on the Italian beaches, on the beaches of Tunisia and elsewhere.
When a tsunami-generating seaquake occurs again in the
Strait of Messina, as in 1908, when will the first tsunami wavefront reach the
southern coast of Elba Island, Malta and the coast of Tunisia? What results does
the simulation software – developed by Paul Wessel, Geoware – provide in assuming similar triggering
factors?
Rgds.
########
Dear Jerzy Chojnowski,
TTT software produces tsunami travel times based on point
sources, assumed to be from an earthquake. TTT
sofware user inputs are the earthquake epicenter, magnitude, region for the
contour maps, and a location file where travel times (or arrival times if the
origin time is specificed) are tabulated. The software script creates a binary
grid file of tsunami travel times (or arrival times). If desired, output file
of tsunami arrival or travel times at user-input locations can be plotted.
The tsunami travel times are calculated from sea floor
bathymetry. Therefore, they are estimates predicting the arrival time. The
actual time may differ by 10s of minutes. For local tsunamis, because the
source is near, calculated tsunami travel times using the actual epicenter may
over- or under-estimate because of uncertainties in the near-source bathymetry
and nature of the earthquake rupture.
Regards
Nicolás Arcos
Cooperative Institute for
Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) University of Colorado at Boulder
and
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
Email: nicolas.arcos@noaa.gov
Phone: <1> 303-497-3158
Comments for the Tsunami Event
Display listing of nearby tsunami events
Reference #4138 and #4148:
One of the strongest earthquakes ever to occur in Italy. Messina and Reggio Calabria completely destroyed, and also other villages: Faro, Ganzirri, S.Agata, Pace, Camaro, Gazzi, Cannitello, Villa S.Giovanni, S.Gregorio, etc. Partial destruction in most of Calabria and Sicily. In Messina all buildings ruined and after the shock a violent fire broke out. In Reggio Calabria all buildings ruined. The area of destruction was about 6,000 square km wide. More than 60,000 people died. Some strong foreshocks occurred on December 5, 6, 23, 25 and many aftershocks occurred till February 1909.
Violent tsunami in the Messina Straits that caused severe damage and hundreds of victims. In most places the first movement was a sea withdrawal (in some places about 200 m) for a few minutes. Then the sea flooded the coast with at least three big waves. The sea level oscillations lasted many hours, gradually diminishing. The tsunami reached its maximum intensity in the Calabrian coast near Pellaro, Lazzaro and Gallico and, in the Sicily coast, in Giardini and S.Alessio. It was very strong in the eastern Sicily coast and it was observed in the Tyrrhenian Calabria as far as Porto S.Venere and in Sicily as far as Trabia and Termini Imerese. In some localities the biggest wave was the first, while in others it was the second. The observed maximum wave height generally was an inverse function of the distance from the epicenter, but in the Strait this was masked by local amplification effects. A post-event survey allowed for damage estimates, flooding and run-up: it was ascertained that the tsunami caused many victims (the exact number is unknown, due to the catastrophic effects of the earthquake) and severe damage to buildings, ships, boats and nature. The tsunami involved mainly the eastern Sicily coast but also the southern and the northern ones.
At Messina the first sea movement was an ingression. The wave inundated many places causing severe damage to harbor infrastructures, boats and houses. All piers in the harbor lowered and some of them collapsed. Most damage in the southern beach of the city, close to the Portalegna stream. The english cemetery was completely destroyed. Many boats were carried onshore and destroyed. Many vessels moored in the harbor felt a sudden considerable sea level rise just a few minutes after the shock, and some of them broke their mooring. According to the Harbor Office report, the tsunami occurred 8 min after the shock. At least three huge waves were observed, the first was the biggest. Water height reached about 3 m.
Reference #516:
On both sides of the Strait, many buildings were swept away by the waves. In Sicily, 79 people were drowned, and, on the Calabrian coast, more than 141.
Reference #5096:
Guidoboni et al (2007) contend that 80,000 people were killed by the earthquake, including as many as 2,000 who died as a result of the tsunami. Waves up to 12 m struck the shorelines south of Messina and south of Reggio Calabria, displacing the rubble from collapsed buildings and completing the destruction. All communications in the affected area were disrupted, and rescue operations had to rely on access from the sea.
Reference #10248:
The 28 Dec 1908 Messina earthquake was one of the most destructive events in Italy and was associated with one of the largest tsunami inundations in recent history. About 60 000 people died because of the earthquake and about 1500 were killed by the tsunami. The cities of Messina and Reggio-Calabria were damaged extensively. The tsunami run-up was 3m in the Messina harbour and as high as 13m in the village of Pellaro, and the tsunami waves entered 200m inland in several locations along the coast of the Messina Straits. |
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References for the Tsunami Event
| ID |
Author |
Year |
Citation |
| 15 |
Ambraseys, N.N. |
1962 |
Data for the investigation of the seismic sea-waves in the eastern Mediterranean. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 52, no. 4, p. 895-913. |
| 20 |
Antonopoulos, John |
1979 |
Catalogue of tsunamis in the eastern Mediterranean from antiquity to present times. Annali Di Geofisica, vol. 32, p. 113-130. |
| 29 |
Antonopoulos, John |
1980 |
Data from investigation on seismic sea waves events in the eastern Mediterranean from 1900 to 1980 A.D. Annali Di Geofisica, vol. 33, 1980, p. 231-248. |
| 109 |
Galanopoulos, Angelos G. |
1960 |
Tsunamis observed on the coasts of Greece from antiquity to present time. Annali Di Geofisica, vol. 8, no. 3-4, p. 369-386. |
| 516 |
Davidson, C. |
1936 |
Great Earthquakes, Thomas Murty and Co., London, United Kingdom, 286 p. |
| 2130 |
Soloviev, Sergey L., Olga N. Solovieva, Chan N. Go, Khen S. Kim, and Nikolay A. Shchetnikov |
2000 |
Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea 2000 B.C.-2000 A.D., Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research, Volume 13, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 237 p. |
| 2814 |
Armigliato, A., Tinto, S. |
2002 |
Effects of the Seafloor Topography on Tsunami Generation Explored for the Messina 1908 Tsunami through 2-D Finite Element Modeling, Petropavlosk-Kamchatsky Tsunami Workshop, September 10-15, 2002. |
| 4138 |
Tinti, Stefano and Donatella Giuliani |
1983 |
The Messina Straits tsunami of 28th December of 1908: an analytcal model. Annales Geophysicae, vol. 1, p. 463-468. |
| 4139 |
Tsunami Risk and Strategies for the European region (TRANSFER) project |
2009 |
Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Region Tsunami Catalogue (NEAMTWS), retrieved February 2009 from http://www.ioc-tsunami.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=282&Itemid=1102 |
| 4148 |
Tinti, Stefano and Giuliani Donatella |
1983 |
The Messina Straits tsunami of the 28th of December 1908: a critical review of the experimental data and observations. Il Nuovo cimento della Societa' italiana di fisica, vol. 6C, no. 4, p. 429-442. |
| 5096 |
Pino, Nicola Alessandro, Alessio Piatanesi, Gianluca Valensise, and Enzo Boschi |
2009 |
The 28 December 1908 Messina Straits Earthquake (MW 7.1): A Great Earthquake throughout a Century of Seismology. Seismological Research Letters, vol. 80, no. 2, p. 243-259. |
| 9237 |
Billi, A., L. Minelli, B. Orecchio, and D. Presti |
2010 |
Constraints to the cause of three historical tsunamis (1908, 1783, and 1693) in the Messina Straits region, Sicily, Southern Italy. Seismological Research Letters, vol. 81, p. 907-915. DOI:10.1785/gssrl.81.6.907 |
| 10248 |
Grezio, A., P. Gasparini, W. Marzocchi, A. Patera, S. Tinti |
2012 |
Tsunami risk assessments in Messina, Sicily – Italy. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., vol. 12, p. 151-163. DOI:10.5194/nhess-12-151-2012 |
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