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Dienstag, 31. Dezember 2019

NOAA: IO TSUNAMI 2004

DECEMBER 26, 2004 SUMATRA, INDONESIA EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI – TENTH ANNIVERSARY UPDATE Updated: December 11, 2014

The December 26, 2004 magnitude 9.1 Sumatra, Indonesia earthquake (3.316 N, 95.854 E, depth 30 km) generated a tsunami that was observed worldwide and caused tremendous devastation and deaths throughout the Indian Ocean region* . The earthquake, which is the third largest in the world since 1900, caused severe damage and casualties in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, and in the Nicobar Islands, India. No separate death toll is available for the earthquake as the tsunami followed within 20 minutes. However, the death toll was probably no worse than for the earthquake of March 28, 2005--that is, fewer than 1,000. The tsunami that followed killed more people than any other tsunami in recorded history, with 227,898 (over 300.000-J.Ch.) dead or missing. The worst hit country was Indonesia with 167,540 listed as dead or missing and damages of $4,451.6 million. The remaining fatalities occurred in Sri Lanka (35,322), India (16,269), Thailand (8,212), Somalia (289), Maldives (108), Malaysia (75), Myanmar (61), Tanzania (13), Bangladesh (2), Seychelles (2), South Africa (2), Yemen (2), and Kenya (1). The total estimated material losses in the Indian Ocean region were $10 billion and insured losses were $2 billion.

DECEMBER 26, 2004 EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS, FIELD SURVEYS, AND INSTRUMENTAL RECORDINGS

International tsunami survey teams with experts from many countries surveyed the coasts of almost all of the Indian Ocean countries that were affected by the tsunami. They measured runup heights from 20-40 m on the northwest coast of Sumatra in the Aceh Province with a maximum runup of 51 m. Runup is the difference between the elevation of maximum tsunami penetration (inundation line) and the sea level at the time of the tsunami. Runup heights of 5 to 20 m were measured on the coasts of Thailand and 4 to 12 m in Sri Lanka and India. More than 5,000 km away in Somalia, runup heights of almost 10 m were measured. There were 40 tide gauge recordings in the Indian Ocean with a maximum amplitude of 1.75 m at Port Blair, Andaman Islands. The tsunami was also observed on over 150 tide gauges in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. A 60 cm wave in the open ocean was captured by the US-French satellites TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 as they passed over the Indian Ocean just two hours after the earthquake occurred.

HISTORICAL TSUNAMIS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN According to the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service for Geophysics Global Historical Tsunami Event database 2,229 tsunamis (validity >1+ ) have occurred in the world since 2000 B.C. Of these tsunamis, 1,212 are considered confirmed tsunamis (validity >3+ ). In the Indian Ocean region, 69 confirmed tsunamis have been observed since the beginning of the 18th Century, and 22 (32%) of these events caused deaths. Three of these deadly tsunamis occurred after the December 26, 2004 event. The majority of Indian Ocean tsunamis were generated by earthquakes (88%), the remainder resulted from volcanic eruptions (6%), landslides (1%), and unknown causes (4%).


The most fatal Indian Ocean tsunami events are listed below: • 1815 Bali, Indonesia earthquake and tsunami caused over 11,000 deaths • 1861 Sumatra, Indonesia earthquake and tsunami caused over 1,000 deaths • 1883 Krakatau, Indonesia volcanic eruption and tsunami caused over 36,000 deaths • 1945 Makran, Pakistan earthquake and tsunami caused 4,000 deaths • 1979 Lomblen Island, Indonesia submarine-landslide generated tsunami caused 1,239 deaths • 1992 Flores, Indonesia earthquake and tsunami caused at least 2,500 deaths • 2004 Sumatra, Indonesia earthquake and tsunami caused 227,898 (over 300.000-J.Ch.) deaths.

* Data are collected from the US NOAA National Weather Service Tsunami Warning Centers, UNESCO/IOC-NOAA International Tsunami Information Center, the US Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center, International Post-Tsunami Field Surveys, and news organizations. Refer to the NGDC event page for data and their sources (http://ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu_db.shtml).

† A validity score or confidence designation is assigned to each tsunami event ranging from -1 for erroneous entries, 1 to 2 for unconfirmed, and 3 to 4 for definite or confirmed tsunamis.


FIGURE 1 - TSUNAMI RUNUPS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN PRODUCED BY THE DECEMBER 26, 2004 SUMATRA, INDONESIA TSUNAMI. DATA FROM EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS, FIELD SURVEYS, AND TIDE GAUGES. (SOURCE: NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL DATA CENTER/WORLD DATA SERVICE FOR GEOPHYSICS.)

Significant Earthquake

DateEarthquake LocationEarthquake Parameters
Focal
Depth
MagnitudeMMI Int
YearMoDyHrMnSecNameLatitudeLongitudeMwMsMbMlMfaUnk
2004122605853.4INDONESIA: SUMATRA: ACEH: OFF WEST COAST3.31695.854309.18.87.0

Earthquake EffectsTotal Effects (Earthquake and Tsunami, Volcano, etc.)
DeathsMissingInjuriesDamageHouses
Destroyed
Houses
Damaged
DeathsMissingInjuriesDamageHouses
Destroyed
Houses
Damaged
NumDeNumDeNumDe$MillDeNumDeNumDeNumDeNumDeNumDe$MillDeNumDeNumDe
10014310000.0004332278994310000.00043

Comments for the Significant Earthquake

Display listing of nearby significant earthquakes
This is the third largest earthquake in the world since 1900 and is the largest since the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska earthquake. The earthquake caused severe damage and casualties in northern Sumatra, Indonesia and in the Nicobar Islands, India.
Reference #3969:
The assessments after the tsunami estimated losses and damage at just under $10 billion. 227,898 dead or missing. No separate death toll is available for the earthquake as the tsunamis followed within 20 minutes. However, the relatively light damage from the earthquake suggests that the death toll was probably no worse than for the earthquake of 28 March 2005 - that is, fewer than 1,000.
Reference #1610:
At least 170,000 dead, 100,000 missing, and more than 1,000,000 homeless by the earthquake and subsequent tsunami in 13 countries in South Asia and East Africa. According to provisional estimates (February 2005), the material losses caused by the catastrophe come to approximately US$ 10bn.
Reference #1053:
Earthquake intensities were observed at the following selected localities:
  • Indonesia: IX: Banda Aceh, VIII: Meulaboh, IV: Medan, Sampali, III: Bukittinggi, Parapat, Payakumbuh, Felt: Jakarta
  • India: VII: Port Blair, Andaman Is., IV: Madras, III: Bengaluru, Vishakhapatnam, Felt: Bangalore, Bhubaneshwar, Calcutta, Kochi
  • Malaysia: V: Gelugor Estate, IV: Sungai Ara, III: Alor Setar, George Town, Kampong Tanjong Bunga, Kuala Lumpur, Kulim
  • Thailand: V: Hat Yai, IV: Bangkok, III: Chiang Mai, Phuket
  • Myanmar: IV: Mandalay, III: Rangoon
  • Singapore: II: Singapore
  • Bangladesh: III: Dhaka, Felt Chittagong
  • Sri Lanka:II: Kandy and other parts of Sri Lanka
  • Maldives:IV: Male (nearly 2500 km from the epicenter)
  • Guam:Felt by people in a high rise building at Hagatna (more than 5400 km from the epicenter)
Tectonic Summary
The devastating earthquake of 26 December 2004 occurred as thrust-faulting on the interface of the India plate and the Burma plate. In a period of minutes, the faulting released elastic strains that had accumulated for centuries from ongoing subduction of the India plate beneath the overriding Burma plate. In a broad sense, the India and Australian plates move toward the north- northeast with respect to the interior of the Eurasia plate with velocities of about 60 mm/y in the region of the earthquake. In the region of northern Sumatra and the Nicobar Islands, most of the relative motion of India/Australia and the Eurasia plate is accommodated at the Sunda trench and within several hundred kilometers to the east of the Sunda trench, on the boundaries of the Burma plate. The direction in which India/Australia converges toward Eurasia is oblique to the trend of the Sunda trench. The oblique motion is partitioned into thrust-faulting and strike-slip faulting. The thrust faulting occurs on the interface between the India plate and the western margin of the Burma plate and involves slip directed at a large angle to the orientation of the trench. The strike-slip faulting occurs on the eastern boundary of the Burma plate and involves slip directed approximately parallel to the trench. The 26 December main shock occurred as the result of thrust faulting on the western Burma-plate boundary, but many strike-slip faulting aftershocks occurred on the eastern plate boundary.

References for the Significant Earthquake

IDAuthorYearCitation
1053National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC)1971 to presentPreliminary Determination of Epicenters (PDE), a weekly and monthly publication, National Earthquake Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Golden, Colorado, 1971 to present.
1610Munich Re Group2005Annual Review: Natural Catastrophes 2004 in the Munich Re Group Knowledge Series, Topics Geo, 2005, 60 p.
3757United Nations Environment Programme2005After the Tsunami Rapid Environmental Assessment. Retrieved January 11, 2008 from http://www.unep.org/tsunami/reports/TSUNAMI_report_complete.pdf
3968Cosgrave, John2007Synthesis Report: Expanded Summary, Joint evaluation of the international response to the Indian Ocean tsunami, published by the Tsunami Evaluation Coaliton (TEC), January 2007, 42 p.
3969Telford, John, and John Cosgrave2006Synthesis Report: Joint evaluation of the international response to the Indian Ocean tsunami, published by the Tsunami Evaluation Coaliton (TEC), July 2006, 176 p.
11731Duputel, Zacharie, Luis Rivera, Hiroo Kanamori, Gavin P. Hayes, Barry Hirshorn, Stuart Weinstein2012W phase source inversion for moderate to large earthquakes (1990–2010). Journal of Geophysical Research, vol 189, 1125–1147. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05419.x

Tsunami Event

DateTsunami CauseTsunami Source LocationTsunami Parameters
Max
Water
Height
Num. of
Runups
DepositsMagnitudeTsu
Int
YearMoDyHrMnSecValCodeCountryNameLatitudeLongitudeAbeIida
2004122605853.441INDONESIAOFF W. COAST OF SUMATRA3.31695.85450.901636136
Tsunami EffectsTotal Effects (Tsunami and Source)
DeathsMissingInjuriesDamageHouses DestroyedHouses DamagedDeathsMissingInjuriesDamageHouses DestroyedHouses Damaged
NumDeNumDeNumDe$MillDeNumDeNumDeNumDeNumDeNumDe$MillDeNumDeNumDe
227899431000043227899431000043

Comments for the Tsunami Event

Display listing of nearby tsunami events

Reference #3969:
227898 dead or missing, $9.9 billion. 1.7 million displaced.
Reference #1610:
The tsunami generated by the earthquake off the coast of northern Sumatra was recorded nearly world-wide and killed more people than any other tsunami in recorded history. More than 100,000 killed and 100,00 missing and presumed dead. The estimated material losses are $10 billion and insured losses are $2 billion.
Reference #3757:
Approximately 250,000 lives were lost.
Reference #1928:
$13.6 billion in aide was pledged.
The estimates below are from References #1053 and #3969:
Indonesia:167,540 people killed or missing, 426,800 displaced in Aceh and Sumatera Utara Provinces. Wave heights of 30 m along the west coast of Sumatra.
Sri Lanka:35,322 killed or missing, 552,600 displaced. Wave heights of 5-10 m.
India:16,269 killed or missing, 112,500 displaced in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu and Andaman and Nicobar Is. Wave heights of 20 m in the Andaman Is. and 10 m on the east coast of India.
Thailand:8,212 killed or missing, 8,400 injured. Wave heights of 3-5 m in the Phuket area.
Somalia:289 killed, 5,000 displaced
Yemen:2 killed
Myanmar:61 killed or missing, 3,200 displaced
Tanzania:13 killed
Maldives:82 killed, 26 missing, 21,600 displaced
Malaysia:75 killed or missing, 4,200 displaced
Seychelles:2 killed
Bangladesh:2 killed
Kenya:1 killed
South Africa:2 killed
Madagascar:1,000 displaced
Mauritius:some damage
Mozambique:tsunami observed, no damage reported
Australia:tsunami caused minor damage at Geraldton and Mangles Bay. People swept into the ocean at Delambre Is and Geographe Bay, but all survived.
Seiches were observed in India and the United States. Subsidence and landslides were observed in Sumatra. A mud volcano near Baratang, Andaman Is. became active on December 28 and gas emissions were reported in Arakan, Myanmar.
NOAA/PMEL wave animations: Indian OceanGlobal
NOAA/PMEL calculated wave: AmplitudeTravel time
More information: NOAA Satellite Wave Height Measurements, NOAA/NGDC DMSP - OLS Light Detection

References for the Tsunami Event

IDAuthorYearCitation
540NOAA National Tsunami Warning Center2005Retrieved January 5, 2005 from link
1053National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC)1971 to presentPreliminary Determination of Epicenters (PDE), a weekly and monthly publication, National Earthquake Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Golden, Colorado, 1971 to present.
1304Goring, Derek G.2005Sumatra Tsunami at New Zealand Ports and Harbours. Retrieved July 5, 2005 from http://www.mulgor.co.nz/SumatraTsunami/
1305Tsuji, Yoshinobu, Hideo Matsutomi, Yuichiro Tanioka, Yuichi Nishimura, Tsutomu Sakakiyama, Takanobu Kamataki, Yoshikane Murakami, Andy Moore, Guy Gelfenbanm2005Distribution of the Tsunami Heights of the 2004 Sumatra Tsunami in Banda Aceh measured by the Tsunami Survey Team (The Head: Dr. Tsuji). Retrieved July 6, 2005 from link
1306Matsutomi, H., T. Hiraishi, T. Takahashi, M. Matsuyama, K. Harada, S. Nakusakul, S. Supartid, W. Kanbua, C. Siwabowon, S. Phetdee, W. Janchoowong, S. Suttiwanakul, M. Srivichai, K. Satake, Y. Okamura, M. Shishikura, K. Fujima2005The December 26, 2004 Sumatra Earthquake Tsunami, Tsunami Field Survey around Phuket, Thailand. Retrieved July 6, 2005 from link
1307Tsuji, J., H. Matsumoto, Y. Namegaya, Wattana Kanbua, Mongkonkorn Sriwichai, Vorawit Meesuk, Pairash Thajchayapong, Prayuth Netprapa, Seree Supartid, Yasuji Watanabe, Royol Chitradon2005The December 26, 2004 Sumatra Earthquake Tsunami, Measured Tsunami Heights from 2nd Field Survey of Thailand. Retrieved July 6, 2005 from link
1312Yeh, Harry, R.K. Chadha, Toshitaka Katada, G. Latha, Curt Peterson2005Preliminary field survey of the earthquake and tsunami of 26 December, 2004, National Science Foundation, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Retrieved Aug 1, 2005 from link
1351National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC)2005Magnitude 9.0 Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake retrieved September 29, 2005 from National Earthquake Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Golden, Colorado.
1455Watts, Philip, Mansour Ioualalen, Stephan Grilli, M.ASCE, Gengyan Shi, and James T. Kirby, M.ASCE2005Numerical Simulation of the December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami using a Higher-order Boussinesq Model.
1610Munich Re Group2005Annual Review: Natural Catastrophes 2004 in the Munich Re Group Knowledge Series, Topics Geo, 2005, 60 p.
1915Gusiakov, Viacheslav K.2005Basic list of measurements made in Sibolga and Nias Island, by the Russian team during the field survey on Sumatra and Nias Island on January 20-29, 2005. Retrieved May 9, 2006 from http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/indo20041226/sibolga_nias.htm
1916Tomoya Shibayama, Akio Okayasu, Jun Sasaki, Takayuki Suzuki, Ryo Matsumaru, Masimin, Zouhrawaty Atiff2005The December 26, 2004 Sumatra Earthquake Tsunami, Tsunami Field Survey in Banda Aceh of Indonesia, Retrieved May 10, 2006 from http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/sumatra/indonesia-ynu/indonesia_survey_ynu_e.html
1922Australian Broadcasting Corporation2004Wave sweeps campers out to sea in WA. Last Update: Thursday, December 30, 2004. 11:27am (AEDT). Retrieved May 10, 2006, from http://www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200412/s1274000.htm
1923Sato, Shinji, Yukio Koibuchi, Takahide Honda, Thisara Welhena, Suminda Ranasinghe20052004 Sumatra Tsunami, Survey around South Part of Sri Lanka, retrieved May 12, 2006 from http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/sumatra/srilanka-ut/SriLanka_UTeng.html
1924Kawata, Yoshiaki, Fumihiko Imamura, Takashi Tomita, Taro Arikawa, Tomohiro Yasuda2005The December 26, 2004 Sumatra Earthquake Tsunami, Tsunami Field Survey around Galle, Sri Lanka. Retrieved May 11, 2006 from http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/sumatra/srilanka/galle_survey_e.html
1927Rabinovich, A., Stephenson, F., Cherniawsky, J., Thomson, R., Crawford, B., Kulikov, E., Gower, J.2005Fisheries and Oceans Canada Science: Tsunamis and Tsunami Research: December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005 Indian Ocean Tsunami Events. Retrieved May 15, 2006 from http://www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/osap/projects/tsunami/tsunamiasia_e.htm
1979Nagarajan, B., I. Suresh, D. Sundar, R. Sharma, A. K. Lal, S. Neetu, S. S. C. Shenoi, S. R. Shetye, and D. Shankar2006Great Tsunami of 26 December 2004: A description based on tide-gauge data from the Indian subcontinent and surrounding areas. Earth, Planets and Space, 58, 211-215, 2006
1980Merrifield, M.A., Y.L. Firing, T. Aarup, W. Agricole, G. Bundrit, D. Chang-seng, R. Farre, B. Kilonsky, W. Knight, L. Kong, C. Magori, P. Manurung, C. McCreery, et al.2005Tide gauge observations of the Indian Ocean tsunami, December 26, 2004, Geophysical Research Letters, vol 32, 4 pages.
1999Fritz, Hermann M. and Borrero, Jose C.2005Field Survey of the Indian Ocean Tsunami on Somalia’s Puntland Coast: Horn of Africa UNESCO Expedition March 2 to 10, 2005. Retrieved May 31, 2006 from http://ioc.unesco.org/iosurveys/somalia/somalia.htm
2019Yalciner, A. C., Ghazali N. H., Abd Wahab A. K.2005December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Field Survey (July 09-10, 2005) at North West Peninsular Malaysia Coast, Penang and Langkawi Islands. Located at: http://yalciner.ce.metu.edu.tr/malaysia-survey/. Retrieved for scanning, 09/07.
2020Melo, Eloi and Rocha, Cesar2005Sumatra tsunami detected in southern Brazil, reported by Eloi Melo & Cesar Rocha on January, 14th, 2005, Maritime Hydraulics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Retrieved May 30, 2006 from http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/indo20041226/tsunami-southern_brazil.pdf
2021Candella, Rogerio2005Sea level at Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil, Physical Oceanography Division, IEAPM - BRAZIL, Retrieved May 31, 2006 from http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/indo20041226/IEAPM.htm
2025Yalciner, Ahmet C., Dogan Perincek, Sukru Ersoy, Gegar S. Presateya, Rahman Hidayat, Brian McAdoo2005Report on December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field Survey on Jan. 212-31 at North of Sumatra, by ITST of UNESCO IOC, Retrieved June 6, 2006 from http://ioc.unesco.org/iosurveys/Indonesia/yalciner/yalciner.htm
2042Tsuji, Y., Namegaya, Y., Matsumoto, H., Iwasaki, S., Kanbua, W., Sriwichai, M., and Meesuk, V.2006The 2004 Indian tsunami in Thailand: Surveyed runup heights and tide gauge records, Earth, Planets and Space, 58, 223-232. http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/2006/5802/58020223.pdf
2057Papadopoulos, G.A., Caputo, R., McAdoo, B., Pavlides, S., Karastathis, V., Fokaefs, A., Orfanogiannaki, K., and Valkaniotis, S.2006The large tsunami of 26 December 2004: Field observations and eyewitnesses accounts from Sri Lanka, Maldives Is. and Thailand, Earth, Planets and Space, 58, 233-241. Retrieved from http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/2006/5802/58020233.pdf
2058Satake, Kenji, Than Tin Aung, Yuki Sawai, Yukinobu Okamura, Kyaw Soe Win, Win Swe, Chit Swe, Tint Lwin Swe, Soe Thura Tun, Maung Maung Soe, Thant Zin Oo, and Saw Htwe Zaw2006Tsunami heights and damage along the Myanmar coast from the December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Earth, Planets and Space, vol. 58, p. 243-252. Retrieved from http://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/2006/5802/58020243.pdf
2724Dominey-Howes, Dale and Maria Papathoma2006Validating a tsunami vulnerability assessment model (the PTVA Model) using field data from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Natural Hazards vol. 40, p. 113-136. DOI: 10.1007/s11069-006-0007-9
2984Supratid, S and N Shuto2005The 2004 Sumatra tsunami: tsunami intensity scale, damage assessments at the Kamala beach, Phuket, Thailand, Proceedings of the 22nd International Tsunami Symposium, June 27-29, 2005, Chania, Crete Island, Greece, Papadopoulos, GA and K Satake, eds., IUGG, p.215-220.
2985Shanker, D, HR Wason, A Sinvali, and VH Joshi2005Damage due to devastating earthquake (Mw 9), and tsunami of December 26, 2004 in Andaman and Nicobar, India: a perspective, Proceedings of the 22nd International Tsunami Symposium, June 27-29, 2005, Chania, Crete Island, Greece, Papadopoulos, GA and K Satake, eds., IUGG, p.221-232.
3020Synolakis,Costas, Okal, Emile and Eddie Bernard2005The Megatsunami of December 26, 2004. The Bridge. Volume 35, Number 2 - Summer 2005
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4307Liu, P., P. Lynett, H. Fernando, B. Jaffe, H. Fritz, B. Higman, R. Morton, J. Goff, C. Synoplakis2005Observations by the International Tsunami Survey Team in Sri Lanka. Science, vol. 308, no. 5728, p. 1595. DOI: 10.1126/science.1110730
4400Bahuguna, Anjali, Shailesh Nayak, Dam Roy2008Impact of the tsunami and earthquake of 26th December 2004 on the vital coastal ecosystems of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands assessed using RESOURCESAT AWiFS data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol. 10, p. 229-237.
4818Umitsu, Masatomo, Charlchai Tanavud, and Boonrak Patanakanog2007Effects of landforms on tsunami flow in the plains of Banda Aceh, Indonesia, and Nam Khem, Thailand. Marine Geology, vol. 242, no. 1-3, p. 141-153. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2006.10.030
5013Chao, B. R.2005Did the 26 December 2004 Sumatra, Indonesia, Earthquake disrupt the Earth's rotation as the mass media have said? EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, vol. 86, no. 1, p. 1-2.
5016Grilli, Stéphan T., M. Asce, Mansour Ioualalen, Jack Asavanant, Fengyan Shi, James T. Kirby, M. Asce, Philip Watts2007Source constraints and model simulation of the December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, p. 414-428. DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2007)133:6(414)
5017Geological Survey of India2005A preliminary report on investigation of effects of the Sumatra - Andaman Earthquake of 26 December 2004 in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Geological Survey of India, Government of India, 22 p.
5020Jankaew, Kruawun, Brian F. Atwater, Yuki Sawai, Montri Choowong, Thasinee Charoentitirat, Maria E. Martin, Amy Prendergast2008Medieval forewarning of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Thailand. Nature, vol. 455, p. 1228-1231.
5026Liu, Philip L.-F., Patrick Lynett, Harindra Fernando, Bruce E. Jaffe; Hermann Fritz, Bretwood Higman, Robert Morton, James Goff, Costas Synolakis2005The Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 26, 2004. Learning From Earthquakes, EERI Special Earthquake Report, p. 1-4. Retrieved from http://www.eeri.org/lfe/pdf/sri_lanka_tsunami_eeri_survey.pdf
5106Paris, R; Wassmer, P; Sartohadi, J; Lavigne, F; Barthomeuf, B; Desgages, E; Grancher, D; Baumert, P; Vautier, F; Brunstein, D; Gomez, C2009Tsunamis as geomorphic crises; lessons from the December 26, 2004 tsunami in Lhok Nga, west Banda Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia). Geomorphology, vol. 104, no. 1-2, p. 59-72. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.05.040
5144Pattiaratchi, Charitha B. and E. M. Sarath Wijeratne2009Tide Gauge Observations of 2004–2007 Indian Ocean Tsunamis from Sri Lanka and Western Australia. In Tsunami Science Four Years After the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Part II: Observation and Data Analysis, Phil R. Cummins, Laura S.L. Kong, Kenji Satake, eds., Pure Appl. Geophys., vol. 166, no. 1-2, p. 233-258. DOI:10.1007/s00024-008-0434-5
5154Feldens, P.; Schwarzer, K.; Szczucinski, W.; Stattegger, K.; Sakuna, D.; Somgpongchaiykul, P.2009Impact of 2004 Tsunami on Seafloor Morphology and Offshore Sediments, Pakarang Cape, Thailand. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 53-68.
5164Yeh, Harry; Francis, Mathew; Peterson, Curt; Katada, Toshitaka; Latha, G.; Chadha, R. K.; Singh, J. P.; Raghuraman, G.2007Effects of the 2004 Great Sumatra Tsunami: Southeast Indian Coast. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, vol. 133, no. 6, p. 382-400. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2007)133:6(382)
5209Bunting, Tim; Singh, Satish; Bayly, Martin; Christie, Phil2008Seismic imaging of the fault that caused the great Indian Ocean earthquake of 26 December 2004, and the resulting catastrophic tsunami. Leading Edge, vol. 27, no. 10, p. 1272-1281.
5252Geist, Eric L., Vasily V. Titov, Diego Arcas, Fred F. Pollitz, and Susan L. Bilek2007Implications of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake on tsunami forecast and assessment models for great subduction-zone earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 97, no. 1A, p. S249–S270. DOI:10.1785/0120050619
5255Vita-Finzi, Claudio2008Neotectonics and the 2004 and 2005 earthquake sequences at Sumatra. Marine Geology, vol. 248, no. 1-2, p. 47-52.
5330Lay, Thorne; Kanamori, Hiroo; Ammon, Charles J; Nettles, Meredith; Ward, Steven N; Aster, Richard C; Beck, Susan L; Bilek, Susan L; Brudzinski, Michael R; Butler, Rhett; DeShon, Heather R; Ekstrom, Goran; Satake, Kenji; Sipkin, Stuart2005The great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004. Science, vol. 308, no. 5725, p. 1127-1133.
5347Kurian, N P; Prakash, T N; Baba, M; Nirupama, N2006Observations of tsunami impact on the coast of Kerala, India. Marine Geodesy, vol. 29, no. 2, p. 135-145. DOI: 10.1080/01490410600748301
5360Fujii, Yushiro, Kenji Satake2007Tsunami source of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake inferred from tide gauge and satellite data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, vol. 97, no. 1A, p. S192-S207.
5392Yanagisawa, H. Koshimura, S. Goto, K. Miyagj, T. Imamura, F. Ruangrassamee, A. Tanavud, C.2009Damage to Mangrove Forest by 2004 Tsunami at Pakarang Cape and Namkem, Thailand. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 35-42. Retrieved from http://www.pjoes.com/abstracts/2009/Vol18/No01/04.html
5541Karlsson, J.M., A. Skelton, M. Sanden, M. Ioualalen, N. Kaewbanjak, N. Pophet, J. Asavanant, and A. von Matern2009Reconstructions of the coastal impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in the Khao Lak area, Thailand. Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 114, C10023, DOI:10.1029/2009JC005516
6408Grand Pre, Candace A., Benjamin P. Horton, Harvey M. Kelsey, Charles Rubin, Andrea D. Hawkes, Mudrik R. Daryono, Eko Yulianto, Danny Natawidjaja2009Evidence of an early Holocene precursor to the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America (2009 annual meeting, Portland, OR - Oct. 18-21, 2009), vol. 41, no. 7, p. 408.
6450Karmanocky, Francis J; Hood, Neil; Monecke, Katrin; Houston, Brian; Finger, Willi; McAdoo, Brian G; Cunningham, Alastair; Luthi, Stefan M; Storms, Joep; Wallinga, Jakob2009Coastal progradation in northern Sumatra after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and tsunami. Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America (2009 annual meeting, Portland, OR, United States, Oct. 18-21, 2009), vol. 41, no. 7, p. 473.
6474Worachananant, Suchai; Carter, R.W.; Hockings, Marc2007Impacts of the 2004 Tsunami on Surin Marine National Park, Thailand. Coastal Management, vol. 35, no. 2-3, p. 399-412. DOI:10.1080/08920750601169667
6487Fritz, Hermann M.; Blount, Christopher D.; Albusaidi, Fawzi B.; Al-Harthy, Ahmed Hamoud Mohammed2010Cyclone Gonu storm surge in Oman. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 86, no. 1, p. 102-106. DOI:10.1016/j.ecss.2009.10.019
6617Choowong, M., N. Murakoshi, K. Hisada, P. Charusiri, V. Daorerk, T. Charoentitirat, V. Chutakositkanon, K. Jankaew, P. Kanjanapayont2007Erosion and deposition by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Phuket and Phang-nga Provinces, Thailand. Journal of Coastal Research, vol. 23, no. 5, p. 1270-1276. DOI:10.2112/05-0561.1
6654Borrero, J.C., Synolakis, C.E., Fritz, H.2006Northern Sumatra Field Survey after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami. Earthquake Spectra, vol. 22, no. S3, p. S93-S104. DOI:10.1193/1.2206793
6683Fritz, H.M. and J.C. Borrero2006Somalia field survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Earthquake Spectra, vol. 22, no. S3, p. S219-S233. DOI: 10.1193/1.2201972
6684Fritz, Hermann M.; Borrero, Jose C.; Synolakis, Costas E.; Yoo, Jeseon20062004 Indian Ocean tsunami flow velocity measurements from survivor videos. Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 33, no. 24, L24605. DOI:10.1029/2006GL026784
6686Fritz, Hermann M. and Emile A. Okal2008Socotra Island, Yemen: Field survey of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Natural Hazards, vol. 46, no. 1, p. 107-117. DOI:10.1007/s11069-007-9185-3
6687Fritz, H.M., C.E. Synolakis, B.G. McAdoo2006Maldives field survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Earthquake Spectra, vol. 22, no. S3, p. S137-S154. DOI:10.1193/1.2201973
6693Goff, J.; Liu, P.L.F.; Higman, B.; Morton, R.; Jaffe, B.E.; Fernando, H.; Lynett, P.; Fritz, H.; Synolakis, C.; Fernando, S.2006Sri Lanka field survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Earthquake Spectra, vol. 22, no. S3, p. S155-S172. DOI:10.1193/1.2205897
6715Jaffe, B.E., J.C. Borrero, G.S. Prasetya, R. Peters, B. McAdoo, G. Gelfenbaum, R. Morton, P. Ruggiero, B. Higman, L. Dengler, R. Hidayat, E. Kingsley, W. Kongko, Lukijanto, A. Moore, V. Titov, E. Yulianto2006Northwest Sumatra and offshore islands field survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Earthquake Spectra, vol. 22, no. S3, p. S105-S135. DOI:10.1193/1.2207724
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The Indian Ocean tsunami was generated by a Mw 9.1 earthquake (3.295°N 95.982°E), 2004-12-26 00:58:53 UTC, off the west coast of northern Sumatra (according to the USGS). Forecast results shown below were created with the NOAA forecast method using MOST model with the tsunami source inferred from tsunameter/DART® data.
The graphics display research forecast results, showing qualitative and quantitative information about the tsunami, including tsunami wave interaction with ocean floor bathymetric features, and neighboring coastlines. Tsunami model amplitude information is shown color-coded according to the scale bar. See information on MOST model.
Modeling Results
Tsunami Propagation
Tsunami Amplitudes
Tsunami Arrival Times
Altimetry Plots and Data
References:
Bottom Pressure Recorder (BPR) Data
14 days of 15-second bottom pressure and temperature data (~80k lines each)
DART (Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) - Buoys for early detection and real-time reporting of tsunamis in the open ocean.
Other Sources of Information
References
Arcas, D., and V. Titov (2006): Sumatra tsunami: lessons from modelingSurv. Geophys., 27(6), doi: 10.1007/s10712-006-9, 679–705.
Geist, E.L., V.V. Titov, D. Arcas, F.F. Pollitz, and S.L. Bilek (2007): Implications of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake on tsunami forecast and assessment models for great subduction-zone earthquakesBull. Seis, 97(1A), doi: 10.1785/0120050619, S249–S270.
Geist, E.L., S.L. Bilek, D. Arcas, and V.V. Titov (2006): Differences in tsunami generation between the December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005 Sumatra earthquakesEarth Planets Space, 58(2), 185–193.
Geist, E.L., V.V. Titov, and C.E. Synolakis (2006): Tsunami: Wave of changeScientific American, 294(1), 56–63. Text of article from the Scientific American website.
Rabinovich, A.B., P.L. Woodworth, and V.V. Titov (2011): Deep-sea observations and modeling of the 2004 Sumatra tsunami in Drake PassageGeophys. Res. Lett., 38, L16604, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048305.
Synolakis, C.E., and E.N. Bernard (2006): Tsunami science before and beyond Boxing Day 2004Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lon. A, 364(1845), doi: 10.1098/rsta.2006.1824, 2231–2265.
Titov, V.V., A.B. Rabinovich, H.O. Mofjeld, R.E. Thomson, and F.I. González (2005): The global reach of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra Tsunami. Science, 309(5743), 2045–2048.
Disclaimer: The forecasts on these pages show the results of ongoing research to enhance tsunami science and to improve NOAA operational tsunami forecasts. These products were developed during or shortly after the tsunami event, are intended for research use, and are not an official forecast. They should not be used as the basis of any public or private policy decisions. Please contact NCTR to find if there are more detailed follow-on analysis results.
Media contacts:
NOAA Public Affairs Monica Allen - 301-734-1123
NWS Public Affairs Susan Buchanan - 301-713-0622

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