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Montag, 22. Februar 2021

BLUTRÜNSTIGES MONSTER MAO UND SEINE JUDEOBOLSCHEWISTISCHEN HENKERSHELFER

 



Mao als blutrünstiges Monster war nicht allein. Juden halfen ihm beim größten Massenmored aller Zeiten.

A Jew in Mao’s China — 85 bis 90% der Ausländer, die der KP China zur kommunistischen Machtergreifung verhalfen, waren Juden. Do 90 % cudzoziemców, którzy pomogli partii komunistycznej Chin dojść do władzy, to byli Żydzi (komunistyczni demagodzy i wywrotowcy). 


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A Jew in Mao’s China
July 9, 2012 By Laura Goldman

Even when I have been disenfranchised from God and synagogue, I have always been culturally proud to be a Jew. A source of that pride is the Jewish tradition of helping the oppressed, and our involvement in social movements such as labor and civil rights.
Until I saw the documentary “The Revolutionary” at the Philadelphia Independent Film Festival, I mistakenly thought that China during the revolutionary period was one country that had not felt the Jewish embrace. In fact, 85 to 90% of the foreigners helping the Chinese at the time of the Communist takeover were Jewish. This included the daughter of the founder of the brokerage firm Goldman Sachs, who left the comfort of her Park Avenue home to assist the Chinese.

“The Revolutionary” tells the story of Southern-born Sidney Rittenberg, the only American that has ever been admitted to the Chinese Communist Party. The Mandarin-speaking Rittenberg, who was initially sent to China by the U.S. Army at the time of Japan’s surrender at the end of World War II, became an influential advisor to Mao Zedong and to the first premier of the People’s Republic of China, Zhou Enlai. His pivotal role at the Broadcast Authority, explaining the Communist Chinese point of view to America, earned him a higher salary than Chairman Mao.

Rittenberg’s life was not all wonderful, however. Twice, he was imprisoned by the Communist leadership, for a total of 16 years. When he had been in prison for a year during his first incarceration, he was offered the chance to leave if he returned to America and never came back to China. Although his first wife had divorced him, he rejected the offer. He believed he would be found innocent of Stalin’s charges of being a spy and never dreamed that he would spend five more years in jail.

Released from jail after Stalin died, Rittenberg was once again embraced by the Chinese Communists and returned to the Broadcast Authority as its head. But he could not stay quiet for long and began speaking out against the Cultural Revolution, which landed him back in jail.

The love story between Rittenberg and his second wife, which endured despite his second 10-year prison term, is a heartwarming backdrop to the film. At the end, Rittenberg admits that he could have helped the people of China just as much if he had abstained from politics.

Produced and directed by Lucy Ostrander and Don Sellers, a married couple from Seattle, and Irv Drasnin, “The Revolutionary” was partially based on “The Man Left Behind,” a memoir by Rittenberg, who is now a 91-year-old consultant to American businesses in China. The filmmakers employed the same technique that was so effective in the Academy Award-winning “The Fog of War” by Errol Morris. Irv Drasnin, a China expert who worked at CBS with Edward Murrow and Charles Kuralt, interviewed Rittenberg off screen, making him appear larger than life. The film was richly illustrated with striking posters of revolutionary art from the collection of the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam.

Rittenberg’s compelling story, with all of its twists and turns, grabbed me. I left the theater marveling at his sacrifices and his lack of bitterness for the way things turned out. On the way home, my friend and I debated if we would be willing to forfeit as much for our principles. We joked that once again the wandering Jew had left his mark — this time, by advising Chairman Mao.

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Wir verweisen hierzu auf die nachstehenden korrespondierten Artikeln in diesem Blog:



Jerzy Chojnowski
Chairman-GTVRG e.V.

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Biographie von Jung Chang und Jon Halliday
Mao Tse-tung, der jahrzehntelang politische Macht ausübte über das Leben eines Viertels der Weltbevölkerung, sei persönlich verantwortlich für über 70 Millionen Tote in Friedenszeiten. Kein anderer politischer Führer des 20. Jahrhunderts reiche hier an ihn heran. Das ist die zentrale These der Mao-Biographie von Jung Chang und Jon Halliday. Sebastian Heilmann von der Harvard Universität stellt das Buch auf den Prüfstand.
Von Sebastian Heilmann
Dieses Buch ist keine Biographie, sondern eine Anklageschrift. Die von Krieg und Terror geprägte Geschichte Chinas im 20. Jahrhundert wird als Ergebnis des Machthungers und der Menschenverachtung Mao Zedongs dargelegt: Mao habe als Diktator in seiner Grausamkeit gegenüber dem eigenen Volk Hitler und Stalin noch übertroffen.
Bereits in ihrem autobiographischen Bestseller „Wilde Schwäne“ hatte Jung Chang die Hauptschuld für die Leiden ihrer Familie unter kommunistischer Herrschaft Mao persönlich angelastet. Für ihr neues Mao-Buch hat Jung Chang gemeinsam mit ihrem Ehemann, einem britischen Historiker, mehr als zehn Jahre lang recherchiert. Es geht ihr darum, mittels neuer Quellen die Verzerrungen und Lügen der offiziellen chinesischen Parteigeschichtsschreibung bloßzulegen und Maos Verantwortung für die Leiden des chinesischen Volkes zu beweisen.
In den 58 Kapiteln des Buches werden maßgebliche Ereignisse und Entwicklungen der Jahrzehnte zwischen dem politischen Aufstieg Maos nach 1928 bis zu dessen Tod 1976 auf Kalküle, Intrigen oder geheime Weisungen Maos zurückgeführt. Aufstände, Kriegshandlungen, politische Morde, Folterungen, öffentliche Hinrichtungen, Terrorkampagnen, Hungersnöte – Mao war aus der Sicht der Autoren fast immer direkt oder indirekt beteiligt. Die kommunistische Revolution in China erscheint nach der Lektüre dieses Buch als eine große wilde Verschwörungsgeschichte mit Stalin und Mao als übermächtigen Strippenziehern, die eine Unzahl mehr oder weniger tumber Marionetten manipulieren und in den Untergang treiben. Selbst der militärische Vorstoß Japans auf Shanghai 1937 wird als Ergebnis einer Verschwörung kommunistischer Agenten dargelegt, die im Interesse Stalins die japanische Militärmacht von den Grenzen der Sowjetunion weg in den Süden Chinas lockten. Solche Verschwörungstheorien sind unterhaltsam, erscheinen aufgrund der dürren Quellenbasis und bereits vorliegender seriöser historischer Studien aber unhaltbar.
Zu den wenigen guten Elementen des Buches gehört die Verwendung eines breiten Spektrums sowjetischer Quellen. Die Schilderungen der von wechselseitigen Täuschungsmanövern geprägten Beziehungen zwischen Mao und Stalin sind aufschlussreich. Auch wird der Terror, der in den von Mao geleiteten kommunistischen Sowjetgebieten bereits vor 1949 herrschte, gestützt auf eine Reihe neuer Quellen mit großer Eindringlichkeit geschildert. Der Mao-Kult wird plausibel als Produkt von gezielten Terrormaßnahmen und Geschichtsfälschungen bereits in der Zeit vor dem kommunistischen Sieg 1949 dargelegt. In diesen Punkten trägt das Buch zu einem geschärften Verständnis der Vorgeschichte der Volksrepublik China bei.
Die Verarbeitung der historischen Quellen fällt in Jung Changs Buch allerdings durchweg parteiisch aus. Mao werden stets die schlimmsten Motive unterstellt, obwohl sich diese Motive aus den vorliegenden Quellen nicht herauslesen lassen. Quellen und Deutungen, die diesem vorgefassten Mao-Bild widersprechen, werden systematisch ignoriert. Einige Mao-Zitate, die im Sinne der Autoren Maos totale Menschenverachtung belegen sollen, sind grob aus dem Kontext gerissen. Mao erscheint nach der Lektüre des Buches als ein geradezu übermenschliches, blutrünstiges Monster.
Dass es sich bei Mao um einen in höchstem Maße egomanischen, menschenverachtenden und ideologisch erstaunlich prinzipienlosen Diktator handelte, steht außer Zweifel. Mao aber zu einem monströsen Killer aufzubauen, der gleichsam im Alleingang Krieg, Revolution und Terror über China brachte, ist unhaltbar. Wer sich der Person und den Herrschaftsmethoden Mao Zedongs mit einem ausgewogeneren und auch lebendigeren Blick nähern möchte, sollte zu den Erinnerungen Li Zhisuis greifen, der als Leibarzt Maos über mehrere Jahrzehnte hinweg Zeuge der Vorgänge im Zentrum der Macht wurde. (Das Buch ist in deutscher Übersetzung 1994 unter dem Titel „Ich war Maos Leibarzt“ im Lübbe-Verlag erschienen.) Das Buch des Leibarztes hat in weiten Teilen einer kritischen Quellenüberprüfung durch Chinahistoriker standgehalten. Li bestätigt durch seine Schilderungen die grausamen Züge Maos. Er weist zugleich aber auf die innere Zerrissenheit, Ängste und Selbstzweifel hin, die Mao immer wieder in längeren Phasen seiner Herrschaft ergriffen. Mao geht aus Lis Erinnerungen nicht als kalter todbringender Dämon hervor, sondern als ein entrückter, von Schlafstörungen gequälter Gewaltherrscher, der sich politisch zeitlebens verwundbar fühlte, keinem Mitglied der Staats- und Parteiführung wirklich traute und zu radikalen politischen Maßnahmen neigte, ohne jemals die fatalen Folgen für Volk und Land zu bedenken.
In seinem großartigen Werk über Hitler hat der britische Historiker Ian Kershaw die Standards für Biographien der großen Diktatoren des 20. Jahrhunderts gesetzt. Kershaw warnt ausdrücklich davor, komplexe historische Entwicklungen auf die Psychologie oder das Handeln einzelner Personen zu reduzieren und den sozialen und politischen Kontext auszublenden. Die eigentliche Herausforderung für das Verständnis der Diktaturen des 20. Jahrhunderts besteht darin, herauszuarbeiten, welche Faktoren die besondere Art und Weise der Machtausübung überhaupt erst möglich machten. Um Maos Rolle in der chinesischen Revolution und in den ersten Jahrzehnten der Volksrepublik China zu verstehen, muss deshalb geklärt werden, warum eigentlich so viele Menschen und Führungsmitglieder bereit waren, dem Diktator Mao zu folgen und so große Opfer für dessen unberechenbare Herrschaft zu bringen. Die neue Mao-Biographie trägt zum Verständnis dieser Herrschaftsmechanismen nichts Neues bei, denn der Autorin geht es ausschließlich um die moralische Anprangerung des Diktators. Die Eigeninitiativen anderer chinesischer Politiker oder gesellschaftlicher Kräfte, die auch ohne Weisung Maos die Radikalisierung von Ideologie und Terror vorantrieben, werden nahezu ausgeblendet. Die ganze Geschichte Chinas wird auf die psychologischen Motive und politischen Manipulationen Maos reduziert. Der historische Kontext verschwindet so hinter einer Wand von persönlichen Anschuldigungen.
Jung Chang zielt mit ihrem Mao-Buch vermutlich gar nicht in erster Linie auf das westliche Publikum, sondern auf die chinesische Öffentlichkeit. Zwar wird das Buch nicht in der Volksrepublik China erscheinen können. Aber auf dem Wege illegaler Kopien und über das Internet wird das Werk dennoch in China Verbreitung finden und dort – ganz im Sinne Jung Changs – den Mao-Mythos beschädigen, der in weiten Teilen der Bevölkerung fortwirkt und von der Parteipropaganda gepflegt wird. Insofern muss man dieses Buch als politisches Projekt verstehen.
Wer aber begreifen will, wie die Diktatur Mao Zedongs möglich wurde und wie sie wirklich funktionierte, der sollte seine Finger von diesem Buch lassen.
Sebastian Heillmann über Jung Chang und Jon Halliday „Mao, Das Leben eines Mannes – Das Schicksal eines Volkes.“ Ursel Schäfer, Heike Schlatterer und Werner Roller haben das Werk aus dem Englischen übersetzt. Erschienen ist es im Karl Blessing Verlag in München, 976 Seiten für 34 Euro. (Deutschlandfunk)

Who was the biggest mass murderer in the history of the world? Most people probably assume that the answer is Adolf Hitler, architect of the Holocaust. Others might guess Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, who may indeed have managed to kill even more innocent people than Hitler did, many of them as part of a terror famine that likely took more lives than the Holocaust. But both Hitler and Stalin were outdone by Mao Zedong. From 1958 to 1962, his Great Leap Forward policy led to the deaths of up to 45 milion people – easily making it the biggest episode of mass murder ever recorded. [Mao's Red Terror killed between 70 and 80 million Chinese - J.Ch.]
Historian Frank Dikötter, author of the important book Mao’s Great Famine recently published an article in History Today, summarizing what happened:
Mao thought that he could catapult his country past its competitors by herding villagers across the country into giant people’s communes. In pursuit of a utopian paradise, everything was collectivised. People had their work, homes, land, belongings and livelihoods taken from them. In collective canteens, food, distributed by the spoonful according to merit, became a weapon used to force people to follow the party’s every dictate. As incentives to work were removed, coercion and violence were used instead to compel famished farmers to perform labour on poorly planned irrigation projects while fields were neglected.
A catastrophe of gargantuan proportions ensued. Extrapolating from published population statistics, historians have speculated that tens of millions of people died of starvation. But the true dimensions of what happened are only now coming to light thanks to the meticulous reports the party itself compiled during the famine….
What comes out of this massive and detailed dossier is a tale of horror in which Mao emerges as one of the greatest mass murderers in history, responsible for the deaths of at least 45 million people between 1958 and 1962. [Mao's Red Terror killed between 70 and 80 million Chinese - J.Ch.] It is not merely the extent of the catastrophe that dwarfs earlier estimates, but also the manner in which many people died: between two and three million victims were tortured to death or summarily killed, often for the slightest infraction. When a boy stole a handful of grain in a Hunan village, local boss Xiong Dechang forced his father to bury him alive. The father died of grief a few days later. The case of Wang Ziyou was reported to the central leadership: one of his ears was chopped off, his legs were tied with iron wire, a ten kilogram stone was dropped on his back and then he was branded with a sizzling tool – punishment for digging up a potato.
The basic facts of the Great Leap Forward have long been known to scholars. Dikötter’s work is noteworthy for demonstrating that the number of victims may have been even greater than previously thought, and that the mass murder was more clearly intentional on Mao’s part, and included large numbers of victims who were executed or tortured, as opposed to “merely” starved to death. Even the previously standard estimates of 30 million or more, would still make this the greatest mass murder in history.
While the horrors of the Great Leap Forward are well known to experts on communism and Chinese history, they are rarely remembered by ordinary people outside China, and have had only a modest cultural impact. When Westerners think of the great evils of world history, they rarely think of this one. In contrast to the numerous books, movies, museums, and and remembrance days dedicated to the Holocaust, we make little effort to recall the Great Leap Forward, or to make sure that society has learned its lessons. When we vow “never again,” we don’t often recall that it should apply to this type of atrocity, as well as those motivated by racism or anti-semitism.
The fact that Mao’s atrocities resulted in many more deaths than those of Hitler does not necessarily mean he was the more evil of the two. The greater death toll is partly the result of the fact that Mao ruled over a much larger population for a much longer time. I lost several relatives in the Holocaust myself, and have no wish to diminish its significance. But the vast scale of Chinese communist atrocities puts them in the same general ballpark. At the very least, they deserve far more recognition than they currently receive.
I. Why We so Rarely Look Back on the Great Leap Forward
What accounts for this neglect? One possible answer is that most of the victims were Chinese peasants – people who are culturally and socially distant from the Western intellectuals and media figures who have the greatest influence over our historical consciousness and popular culture. As a general rule, it is easier to empathize with victims who seem similar to ourselves.
But an even bigger factor in our relative neglect of the Great Leap Forward is that it is part of the general tendency to downplay crimes committed by communist regimes, as opposed to right-wing authoritarians. Unlike in the days of Mao, today very few western intellectuals actually sympathize with communism. But many are reluctant to fully accept what a great evil it was, fearful – perhaps – that other left-wing causes might be tainted by association.
China's curious Cultural Revolution
In China, the regime has in recent years admitted that Mao made “mistakes” and allowed some degree of open discussion about this history. But the government is unwilling to admit that the mass murder was intentional and continues to occasionally suppress and persecute dissidents who point out the truth.
This reluctance is an obvious result of the fact that the Communist Party still rules China. Although they have repudiated many of Mao’s specific policies, the regime still derives much of its legitimacy from his legacy. I experienced China’s official ambivalence on this subject first-hand, when I gave a talk about the issue while teaching a course as a visiting professor at a Chinese university in 2014.
II. Why it Matters.
For both Chinese and westerners, failure to acknowledge the true nature of the Great Leap Forward carries serious costs. Some survivors of the Great Leap Forward are still alive today. They deserve far greater recognition of the horrible injustice they suffered. They also deserve compensation for their losses, and the infliction of appropriate punishment on the remaining perpetrators.
In addition, our continuing historical blind spot about the crimes of Mao and other communist rulers, leads us to underestimate the horrors of such policies, and makes it more likely that they might be revived in the future. The horrendous history of China, the USSR, and their imitators, should have permanently discredited socialism as completely as fascism was discredited by the Nazis. But it has not – so far – fully done so.
Just recently, the socialist government of Venezuela imposed forced labor on much of its population. Yet most of the media coverage of this injustice fails to note the connection to socialism, or that the policy has parallels in the history of the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and other similar regimes. One analysis even claims that the real problem is not so much “socialism qua socialism,” but rather Venezuela’s “particular brand of socialism, which fuses bad economic ideas with a distinctive brand of strongman bullying,” and is prone to authoritarianism and “mismanagement.” The author simply ignores the fact that “strongman bullying” and “mismanagement” are typical of socialist states around the world. The Scandinavian nations – sometimes cited as examples of successful socialism- are not actually socialist at all, because they do not feature government ownership of the means of production, and in many ways have freer markets than most other western nations. (By Ilya Somin, August 3, 2016)



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